GOV-05: Measures of Performance

There is no evidence of a capability to develop, report and monitor cybersecurity and data protection program measures of performance.

Cybersecurity & Privacy Governance (GOV) efforts are ad hoc and inconsistent. CMM Level 1 control maturity would reasonably expect all, or at least most, the following criteria to exist:

• No formal cybersecurity and/ or data privacy principles are identified for the organization.
• No formal Governance, Risk & Compliance (GRC) team exists. GRC roles are assigned to existing IT/cybersecurity personnel.
• Governance efforts are narrowly-limited to certain compliance requirements.
• Formal roles and responsibilities for cybersecurity and/ or data privacy may exist.
• Cybersecurity and data privacy governance is informally assigned as an additional duty to existing IT/cybersecurity personnel.
• Basic cybersecurity policies and standards are documented [not based on any industry framework]
• Basic procedures are established for important tasks, but are ad hoc and not formally documented.
• Documentation is made available to internal personnel.
• Organizational leadership maintains an informal process to review and respond to observed trends.

Cybersecurity & Privacy Governance (GOV) efforts are requirements-driven and governed at a local/regional level, but are not consistent across the organization. CMM Level 2 control maturity would reasonably expect all, or at least most, the following criteria to exist:

• Cybersecurity and data privacy governance activities are decentralized (e.g., a localized/regionalized function) and uses non-standardized methods to implement secure, resilient and compliant practices.
• IT/cybersecurity personnel identify cybersecurity and data protection controls that are appropriate to address applicable statutory, regulatory and contractual requirements for cybersecurity and data protection governance activities.
• The Chief Information Officer (CIO), or similar function, analyzes the organization's business strategy and prioritizes the objectives of the security function, based on business requirements.
• A qualified individual is assigned the role and responsibilities to centrally manage, coordinate, develop, implement and maintain a cybersecurity and data protection program (e.g., cybersecurity director or Chief Information Security Officer (CISO)).
• No formal Governance, Risk & Compliance (GRC) team exists. GRC roles are assigned to existing cybersecurity personnel.
• Compliance requirements for cybersecurity and data protection are identified and documented.
• Cybersecurity policies and standards exist that are aligned with a leading cybersecurity framework (e.g., SCF, NIST 800-53, ISO 27002 or NIST Cybersecurity Framework).
• Controls are assigned to sensitive/regulated assets to comply with specific compliance requirements.
• Procedures are established for sensitive/regulated obligations, but are not standardized across the organization.
• Documentation is made available to internal personnel.
• Simple metrics exist to provide operational oversight of a limited scope of cybersecurity and data protection controls.

Cybersecurity & Privacy Governance (GOV) efforts are standardized across the organization and centrally managed, where technically feasible, to ensure consistency. CMM Level 3 control maturity would reasonably expect all, or at least most, the following criteria to exist:

• Statutory, regulatory and contractual compliance requirements for cybersecurity and data protection are identified and documented. Recurring testing is utilized to assess adherence to internal standards and/or external compliance requirements.
• A Governance, Risk & Compliance (GRC) function, or similar function, provides scoping guidance to determine control applicability.
• Internal policies and standards address all statutory, regulatory and contractual obligations for cybersecurity and data protection.
• Controls are standardized across the organization to ensure uniformity and consistent execution.
• Corporate governance (executive oversight) exists for the cybersecurity and data privacy, which includes regular briefings to ensure executives have sufficient situational awareness to properly govern the organization.
• Procedures are established for sensitive/regulated compliance obligations that are standardized across the organization.
• Defined roles & responsibilities require data/process owners to define, implement and maintain cybersecurity and data protection controls for each system, application and/ or service of which they have accountability.
• The organization designates one or more qualified individuals to govern the cybersecurity and data privacy programs (e.g., Chief Information Security Officer or Chief Privacy Officer).
• Risk management processes are defined, to include materiality considerations.

Cybersecurity & Privacy Governance (GOV) efforts are metrics driven and provide sufficient management insight (based on a quantitative understanding of process capabilities) to predict optimal performance, ensure continued operations and identify areas for improvement. In addition to CMM Level 3 criteria, CMM Level 4 control maturity would reasonably expect all, or at least most, the following criteria to exist:

• Metrics are developed that provide management insight, per a quantitative understanding of process capabilities, to predict optimal performance, ensure continued operations and identify areas for improvement.
• Metrics reporting includes quantitative analysis of Key Performance Indicators (KPIs).
• Metrics reporting includes quantitative analysis of Key Risk Indicators (KRIs).
• Scope of metrics, KPIs and KRIs covers organization-wide cybersecurity and data protection controls, including functions performed by third-parties.
• Organizational leadership maintains a formal process to objectively review and respond to metrics, KPIs and KRIs (e.g., monthly or quarterly review).
• Based on metrics analysis, process improvement recommendations are submitted for review and are handled in accordance with change control processes.
• Both business and technical stakeholders are involved in reviewing and approving proposed changes.

Cybersecurity & Privacy Governance (GOV) efforts are “world-class” capabilities that leverage predictive analysis (e.g., machine learning, AI, etc.). In addition to CMM Level 4 criteria, CMM Level 5 control maturity would reasonably expect all, or at least most, the following criteria to exist:

• Stakeholders make time-sensitive decisions to support operational efficiency, which may include automated remediation actions.
• Based on predictive analysis, process improvements are implemented according to “continuous improvement” practices that affect process changes.